As of the 2012-2013 academic year, approximately 820,000 college students in the USA (or approximately 4% of the student pool) were international students. This number is up 7.2% from the previous year and has been experiencing an upward trend since 2005. Thus, an understanding of how these...

In the event of an unanticipated disruption to normal life, universities tend to shift to an online environment in both delivery and assessment. Course instructors still need to assign grades despite not having the full set of planned assessments. This paper examines how grades are disrupted...