In the past 30 years, as sponsors of defined benefit (DB) pension plans were facing more severe underfunding challenges, pension de-risking strategies have become prevalent for firms with DB plans to reduce pension-related risks. However, it remains unclear how pension de-risking activities...

Corporate misconduct is a huge and widespread problem in the economy. Many companies make mistakes that result in them having to pay penalties or compensation to other businesses. Some of these cases are so serious that they take a toll on a company’s financial condition. The purpose of this...

In dynamic environments, making classification decisions based on classical intelligent decision support systems is a challenge, as the classification performance of decision-making and the time-cost of learning need to be considered simultaneously. Moreover, many tasks of classification...