Do universal service programs give customers what they want? This paper uses new survey data to study low … addressed by existing universal service programs. The research shows that households that choose only one form of … for universal service policy is that traditional subsidies for landline phones are increasingly ineffective in reaching …

This paper considers universal service in an environment of converged service and broadband. To this end, it is crucial … to distinguish carefully between the availability of the service and the use of the service. Universal service program … funds in a competitive environment to support universal service. Finally, the paper explores how inaccurate data may result …

Panzar (2000) argues that the composition of universal service bundles depend on both economic and political … considerations. The factors policymakers consider in determining the universal service bundle include: (a) the strength of network … abundance of theoretical and applied analyses of the rationale for universal service and associated costs (and distortions …

universal service programs. Increasingly telecommunications program development and implementation have focused on this …

Support through the United States Federal Universal Service Fund for high-cost areas has been principally defined in …