study, a water-containing ABE (acetone–butanol–ethanol) solution, which simulates products that are produced from biomass … contained 25% of the water-containing ABE solution had significantly lower NOx (4.30–30.7%), PM (10.9–63.1%), and PAH …

and no addition of surfactants, a series of water-containing ABE-diesel blends were investigated. By integrating the … greater ABE oxygen content, and the cooling effect that is caused by the high vaporization heat of water-containing ABE …