A spatial model of party competition is studied in which, (i) Parties are supposed to have ideology. By this we mean that their goal is to maximize the welfare of their constituencies. (ii) The policy implemented after the election does not need to coincide with the one proposed by the winner....

Agricultural production is as a major contributor to numerous environmental problems. Most of these problems have a dynamic aspect and, moreover, the magnitude of these environmental problems depends on the distribution of the characteristics of the land. Therefore, policies designed to...