Donors often condition foreign aid to recipients on policy adjustments. How do domestic interest groups influence a donor’s ability to credibly commit to implementing threats and promises? In our model, domestic interest groups in the donor country can mobilize to support the...

Als-Ob-Kriegsführung bedeutet, dass irgendeinem unerwünschten Phänomen wie Verbrechen, Armut, Drogen, illegale Immigration, Terrorismus politisch der Krieg erklärt wird. In immergleicher Weise wird diese Kriegserklärung von den Amtsinhabern des Weißen Hauses seit Anfang des zwanzigsten...

Scholars have long accepted the contention that competition among terrorist organizations raises the level of violence used by the competitors. This article discusses this claim and advances another—that competition among terrorist organizations creates incentives to use less violence....

This article investigates the relationship between term limits and international conflict. Theories of political survival and diversionary war both imply term limits should play a role in international relations, whereas “permanent referendum theory,†largely motivated by work in...

A lack of political leadership is often perceived as the main source of the repeated difficulties of the WTO. The paper argues that such a lack of leadership is a systemic problem for many years to come. The large industrial democracies have constitutional rules making particularly difficult...