This paper adds to the literature estimates of local labor market effects on gang participation. I use data from the …. However, robustness checks reveal gang participation of individuals less than sixteen years-of-age (the legal minimum age for … most jobs) is not responsive to the local unemployment rate. Gang participation among individuals with lower ASVAB scores …

in poor urban areas. We estimate the effect of IQ on time-to-first gang participation with data from the National …97 and PHDCN indicate that low-IQ is a robust predictor of gang participation. There are two plausible explanations of …