Development in generative artificial intelligence chatbots like ChatGPT forces search engine providers to move from search to answer engines. Unlike search engines that provide search results of content creators via blue links, answer engines generate personalised answers through a conversation...

Competition law, particularly in the European Union, has turned away from structural remedies and toward “consumer-facing” firm conduct remedies, a seemingly light-touch approach. These remedies aim to empower and stimulate consumers to drive competition through shopping based on accurate...

Motivated by recent antitrust cases, a hub-and-spoke collusive mechanism involving multiple downstream firms and their common upstream supplier is explored. To this end, I develop a repeated sequential game in which downstream firms receive private demand signals and send private messages to the...

Against the renewed international debate on the relationship between competition law and wider social and economic goals, this paper examines the underpinnings of Brazilian competition law. It describes the evolution of the law against the backdrop of the wider transformations in capitalism, and...

Large platforms are often accused of refusing to serve (or discriminating against) competing sellers in adjacent product markets. Antitrust law labels such activity a unilateral “refusal to deal” (RTD) and evaluates it under a predation-like framework shaped by the two leading RTD cases,...

“Self-preferencing” refers to situations in which a firm favors, or “preferences” its own products over those of rivals. Of course, it would literally be “self preferencing” for a producer to sell nothing but its own products. That type of self-preferencing has not provoked much...

Nearly all of this paper consists of statements from the Supreme Court and concerns how they define and identify competitive harm. They stretch from the nineteenth century to the recent past. Most of them are not particularly philosophical but are based on fact findings or allegations in a...

Generative artificial intelligence is being rapidly deployed for corporate tasks including pricing. Suppose one of these machines communicates with the pricing manager of a competing firm, proposes to collude, receives assent, and raises price. Is this a crime under US antitrust laws, and, if...

Competition authorities need a better understanding of the determinants of cartel self-reporting in order to increase cartel members’ incentives to apply for the benefit from leniency programs and thus improve the effectiveness of anti-cartel policy. Using information on 683 firm groups that...

Both Google Android and Google Search (Shopping), along with other ongoing digital market antitrust enforcement actions, are based on foreclosure conduct that has raised difficult doctrinal questions for courts, regulators, and scholars. This emerging form of foreclosure, which some have termed...