This paper reviews and updates the indicator system constructed by previous scholars. The update of the index includes: Firstly, the latest data of 2021 is added to the original data of 1990-2020. Secondly, the World Bank's indicator system has been restructured and optimized, for example by...

This paper uses export and import shares of intermediate goods to assess the extent of integration of G20 and non-G20 nations, including least developed countries (LDCs), in global value chains (GVCs). The G20's intermediate trade, especially the imports, recovered fast during and immediately...

The present study assesses how governance affects information and communication technology (ICT) at the global level contingent on macroeconomic policy factors such as trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), manufacturing value added, and agricultural value added. The study focuses on 183...