external instruments can result in inconsistent estimates of the dynamic causal effects of interest if the breaks are not … combines external instruments with "informative" changes in volatility, thus obviating the need to assume proxy relevance and … estimated in the literature, complementing the fiscal instruments with information derived from the massive reduction in …

external instruments can result in inconsistent estimates of the dynamic causal effects of interest if the breaks are not … combines external instruments with "informative" changes in volatility, thus obviating the need to assume proxy relevance and … estimated in the literature, complementing the fiscal instruments with information derived from the massive reduction in …

Geoeconomic concepts are gaining importance in EU trade policy. In this context new trade policy instruments are … supply chains and the protection of human rights. The study extensively overviews seven policy instruments: Anti … equilibrium trade model, the impact of the selected trade policy instruments on trade and welfare of the EU as well as Austria is …