The Treaty of Lisbon paved the way for legal formalization of new European Union policies and significantly enhanced external dimension of the European Union Internal Market. The newly emerged European Union energy policy is a good example of it. External objectives of the European Union energy...

Drawing upon the policy instrument approach developed by Lascoumes and Le Galès, this article examines the representations and meanings underlying the Eastern Partnership’s tools and their effects on policy practices in partner countries. Based upon two sector-specific studies (EU instruments...