misspecification and biased results. Nonresponse variable is usually assumed as a binary variable, and it is used to construct a sample … mechanism may differ among the levels of nonresponse, and merging the levels of nonresponse may cause bias in the results of the … analysis. In this paper, a method is proposed for analyzing survey data with respect to reasons for the nonresponse based on …

work arrangements, may have also altered patterns of survey participation and introduced nonresponse bias, threatening the … quality of establishment survey data. To investigate these issues, this article examines fieldwork outcomes, nonresponse bias …, we show that nonresponse bias was higher in 2020 compared to previous years, even after applying the standard weighting …