International large-scale assessments such as PISA are increasingly being used to benchmark the academic performance of young people across the world. Yet many of the technicalities underpinning these datasets are misunderstood by applied researchers, who sometimes fail to take their complex...

International large-scale assessments such as PISA are increasingly being used to benchmark the academic performance of young people across the world. Yet many of the technicalities underpinning these datasets are misunderstood by applied researchers, who sometimes fail to take their complex...

When the imputed values are treated as if they were observed the precision of the estimates is generally overstated. In the paper three variance methods under imputatation are taken into account. Two of them are the well known bootstrap and Multiple Imputation. The third is a new method based on...