(1995) model modified to incorporating agricultural trade costs. Therefore, an additional contribution is the examination of … the effect of agricultural trade costs on the equilibrium structure of the model. …

India during the period 1980–2008. Drawing from the recent literature, a comprehensive measure of trade costs is derived … flows and gross domestic product data. The analysis reveals that trade costs have declined sharply since the 1980s …, accounting for a large and increasing portion of growth in total trade between the two countries. Whereas the reduction of trade …

caused by falling trade costs, has been critical in transmitting benefits of Chinese growth to the world economy. They also … point to an important link between falling trade costs and human capital formation. …

regional arrangements such as ASEAN or APEC. Economists have, however, been slow to develop convincing measures of trade costs …. Commonly cited estimates of the border effect or of trade costs are huge, but flawed. The gap between CIF and FOB values of … inferences about trade costs are fairly robust across various countries' import datasets. …

costs based on a standard model of trade in differentiated goods to address this question. These trade costs gauge the … factors that impede international trade but which are inherently difficult to observe. Trade costs fell on average by 10 … roughly 44 percent of the rise in trade within our sample can be explained by reductions in trade costs; the remaining 56 …

When trade costs are of the iceberg type (Samuelson 1952) and markups are independent of trade costs, relative prices … across markets are distorted, but relative prices within markets are not. When trade costs depart from the analytically …

. The impact of PI on innovation is determined by the degree of heterogeneity between firms and trade costs. Increasing … trade costs shifts from the market share losses brought by PI from the more to the less productive firm. This induces the …

costs are high. Trade integration makes imposing the same tax on all firms more appealing such that, at low trade costs, the … unique Nash equilibrium is characterized by uniform corporate taxes being set by both governments. However, when trade costs … the distribution of immobile firms is exogenous. We show that countries discriminate against immobile firms when trade …