Open shop scheduling problems (OSSP) are highly significant in engineering and industry, involving critical scheduling challenges. The job type determines the duration required for material transfer between machines and remains unaffected by distance, eliminating any waiting time for transfers....

The Apparent Tardiness Cost (ATC) dispatching rule was initially developed to minimize tardiness in single-machine scheduling problems. ATC extensions have been frequently applied in other production settings, relying heavily on blocking idle machine capacity with a single-machine outlook; this...