Many federal tax systems employ formula apportionment to allocate the taxable profits of large businesses to the federal subunits, where the subunits' specific tax rates are then applied. The formulas - such as the one recently proposed by the EU Commission and the one agreed upon by the...

This research examines the relationship between audit quality and transfer pricing aggressiveness (TPAG), the impact of TPAG on firm risk, and the indirect effect of audit quality on firm risk through TPAG. The research is important in reaffirming the auditor-client relationship, increasing...