Moscona & Sastry (2023, Quarterly Journal of Economics) - henceforth MS23 - find that cropland values are significantly less damaged by extreme heat exposure (EHE) when crops are more exposed to technological innovation. However, MS23's 'innovation exposure' variable does not measure innovation,...

The study explains in particular the different forms of legal protection required by international IPR agreements, including the system of plant breeders' rights in the 1978 and 1991 UPOV Acts, the choice between patent and sui generis protection created by article 27.3(b) of the TRIPs Agreement...

Previous literature has mostly used crop diversification indices to quantify the extent of crop diversification used by farmers. Indices are useful in assessing the number and proportion of crops in a farmer's portfolio. However, they often overlook the heterogeneity of the crops in their...