The study sought to determine the role of vendor-managed inventory and form postponement in mitigating against the bullwhip effect in the bakery industry. The bullwhip effect is referred to as demand distortions along the upstream supply chain that is caused by variances between supply and...

We apply Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) to inventory management problems with multiple echelons and evaluate MADRL's performance to minimize the overall costs of a supply chain. We also examine whether the upfront-only information-sharing mechanism used in MADRL helps alleviate...

The Bullwhip Effect, defined as the magnification of demand variability throughout the supply chain, poses a challenge to many firms. One of its contributing factors is inaccurate forecasts used to support demand planning. Forecast errors translate into higher inventory costs at a local level,...