We investigate whether the costs of an input to production embodied in the supply chain can be a source of comparative advantage. Motivated by the fact that most industrial energy use takes place in the supply chain, we focus on the case of energy costs. Using a disaggregated dataset on trade...

This review presents some lessons learned about indirect foreign direct investment (FDI), mostly over the past decade. Indirect FDI denotes investment projects, in which the ultimate owner is different from the immediate investor. The review categorizes the literature of the 2010s and early...

This Perspective explores the consequences of the ECJ decision in the Xella case over the protection of EU security from threats linked to indirect FDI. While the judgement excludes them from the scope of the EU FDI Screening Regulation, this Perspective offers a solution to include them under...

This Perspective explores the consequences of the ECJ decision in the Xella case over the protection of EU security from threats linked to indirect FDI. While the judgement excludes them from the scope of the EU FDI Screening Regulation, this Perspective offers a solution to include them under...