This paper examines whether the Big Three credit rating agencies actually played as active a role in the Euro Crisis as …

The potential mutation of the Sub-Prime banking crisis into a sovereign debt one in Euro area countries is investigated … the end 2009 the probability of observing a Euro area country defaulting is less likely than six month before … self-fulfilling, sovereign debt or currency crises in Euro area in the future. -- king crisis ; sovereign debt crisis …

Macroeconomic adjustment in the euro area periphery was more recessionary than pre-crisis imbalances would have …

traditional portfolio objectives as debt to reserve ratios decrease. We empirically estimate optimal dollar and euro shares for 24 … reserve ratios, introducing transactions demand has a elatively modest effect. We also find that euro and dollar bonds act as … sudden stops in Asia and Latin America, while the euro is a better hedge for sudden stops in Emerging Europe. We reproduce …

dynamics of output, sovereign debt and financial stress in some euro area and other industrialized countries. …