productivity. Education as well as innovation and production require skilled labour as inputs. This and the fact that learning …

potential suppliers generate and sell the most suitable innovation. Moreover, procurement by public agencies and large firms … consider a menu of procurement methods and policies for best procuring new knowledge and innovative products, discussing their … the degree of competition between suppliers, as well as other more practical indirect ways to stimulate innovation. We …

, emphasizes knowledge as an economic object and, more generally, the economics of intellectual property rights. This paper argues …

Abstract Development of knowledge in Portugal occurred late and slowly, mainly as a result of political and … institutional factors which persisted with democracy. Amongst knowledge key areas, education, research and development (R&D) and … innovation advanced with frequent setbacks. This irregular behaviour induced very negative economic and social consequences given …

Abstract Development of knowledge in Portugal occurred late and slowly, mainly as a result of political and … institutional factors which persisted with democracy. Amongst knowledge key areas, education, research and development (R&D) and … innovation advanced with frequent setbacks. This irregular behaviour induced very negative economic and social consequences given …

leaving paid employment for self-employment. We think, that this is a special kind of knowledge spillover. We also control for …