, despite sustained progress in scientific knowledge, recent productivity growth in the U.S. has been disappointing. We review … major changes in the American innovation ecosystem over the past century. The past three decades have been marked by a … growing division of labor between universities focusing on research and large corporations focusing on development. Knowledge …

Technical progress increasingly relies on the use of scientific knowledge. But if much of this knowledge is in the …

incremental innovations, using older scientific knowledge. Consistent with this, we find Leaders were more likely to be at the … transformed the American innovation landscape, deepening the division of innovative labor between universities, startups, and …