technological information. FDI is an alternate, potentially equally important channel for the mediation of such knowledge spillovers …. I introduce a framework for measuring international knowledge spillovers at the firm level, and I use this framework to … directly test the hypothesis that FDI is a channel of knowledge spillovers for Japanese multinationals undertaking direct …

stage pharmaceutical innovation? We explore this question using novel data sources and an empirical framework that models … implications of our results for long-run welfare, policy, and innovation …