products to China. We find causal evidence that offshoring impacts both the level and nature of innovation. In the technologies … directly related to product categories that could be offshored more easily after the policy shock, overall innovation levels … decline and innovative effort shifts away from product innovation and towards process innovation. However, we also find …

The paper explores the role of institutional mechanisms in generating technological knowledge spillovers. The … and unpatented innovations, whereas prizes are less effective in generating external benefits from knowledge spillovers. I …