two "integration episodes", the development of an economic union between Portugal and its African colonies and the … establishment of democratic socialism since then. The paper contrasts the recent economic experience of Portugal with its neighbour … Spain. The view that EC membership is desirable because it ensures Portugal against dictatorship is also examined and …

When the 1987 general elections brought a durable government to Portugal, the national environment was still …

, economies of scale, and have been heavily protected from international competition in Portugal and Spain. The `costs of non …

economic agents, competition policies are usually included in the legal framework that regulates economic activities. Portugal …

detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. We use exchange-rate movements as a source of variation in export …

This paper looks at the genesis of innovation in the United States from a territorial perspective. The analysis aims to … disentangle the impact of local R&D expenditure from other contextual conditions supportive of the process of innovation …. Particular emphasis is devoted to the role of socio-economic factors and systems of innovation conditions (‘social filter …

and technology. Indian innovation hubs also generate positive knowledge spillovers to other regions. …This paper analyses the geography of innovation in China and India. Using a tailor-made panel database for regions in … between the provinces and states within both countries are quite different. In China, the concentration of innovation is …