The adoption of emergency employment and short-term training programs to provide income support to the population … affected by the episodes of economic volatility since 1995 reveals the failure of the traditional, labor law-based income … better designed mechanism to protect workers against the effects of macroeconomic volatility. The paper argues for an income …

suffered a 25 percent reduction in per capita income, two bouts of hyperinflation and a sharp rise in poverty during the 1980s …