-experimental design based on changes in teaching staff. Using school district and tax records for more than one million children, we find …

(c) characterize which types of areas produce better outcomes. For children growing up in low-income families, each year …We estimate the causal effect of each county in the U.S. on children's incomes in adulthood. We first estimate a fixed … effects model that is identified by analyzing families who move across counties with children of different ages. We then use …

We show that the neighborhoods in which children grow up shape their earnings, college attendance rates, and fertility ….S. Exploiting variation in the age of children when families move, we find that neighborhoods have significant childhood exposure … effects: the outcomes of children whose families move to a better neighborhood - as measured by the outcomes of children …