environments across the two areas, we find remarkably consistent results: in families with two or more children, second-born boys … the evidence rules out differences in health at birth and the quality of schools chosen for children. We do find that …

students. However, very little empirical work has to date been completed on this topic. This paper provides the first empirical … every third, fourth, and fifth grader in a large school district over four years, we match students' test score gains and … substantial evidence that higher grading standards benefit students. We find that these effects are not uniform: High …

better than third generation immigrants. Among first generation immigrants, the earlier the arrival, the better the students … tend to perform. These patterns of findings hold for both Asian and Hispanic students, and suggest a general pattern of …

are able to make good decisions about whom to hire, these reforms have the potential to benefit schools and students … (certification exam scores; college competitiveness) are more likely to apply for transfer, while teachers whose students demonstrate …

teachers resulted in average improved achievement for students in the poorest decile of schools of .03 standard deviations …

, while less effective transfers stay in lower-performing schools, likely exacerbating the differences across students in the …

to work in schools with higher achieving students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Principals often use … schools with many poor or low-achieving students as stepping stones to what they view as more desirable assignments. We use …

outcomes for students. In this paper, we use value-added methods to examine the relationship between a school's effectiveness … systematically recruit more effective teachers; whether they assign teachers to students more effectively; whether they do a better … novice teachers to students in a more equitable fashion. Third, we find that teachers who work in schools that were more …

employ data from the universe of children born in Florida between 1994 and 2002 and in Denmark between 1990 and 2001, which …