We exploit the changes in the distribution of family income to estimate the effect of parental resources on college … education. Our strategy exploits the fact that families at the bottom of the income distribution were much poorer in the 1990s … suggest large effects of family income on enrollments. For example, we find that a 10 percent increase in family income is …

with comprehensive schools during the 1960s and 70s. Before the reform, students would take an exam at age eleven, which …-added methodology: they compare outcomes for students passing through either type of school controlling for achievement levels at the … children only enter secondary school at age 11, these effects are likely due to selection bias. Careful choice of treatment and …