caught in a vicious circle. They lack sufficient access to education, credit and other means to generate income, so they earn … lower wages, which in turn prevents them from accumulating the assets they need to increase future income. The authors … analyze the ownership and use of income-generating assets, as well as access to them. Where there are market imperfections …

The adoption of emergency employment and short-term training programs to provide income support to the population … affected by the episodes of economic volatility since 1995 reveals the failure of the traditional, labor law-based income … better designed mechanism to protect workers against the effects of macroeconomic volatility. The paper argues for an income …

suffered a 25 percent reduction in per capita income, two bouts of hyperinflation and a sharp rise in poverty during the 1980s …

caught in a vicious circle. They lack sufficient access to education, credit and other means to generate income, so they earn … lower wages, which in turn prevents them from accumulating the assets they need to increase future income. The authors … analyze the ownership and use of income-generating assets, as well as access to them. Where there are market imperfections …