-city schools that provided teacher training in addition to payments to eleventh- and twelfth- grade students and their teachers for … passing scores on Advanced Placement (AP) exams. Affected students passed more AP exams, were more likely to remain in college … beyond their first and second years, and earned higher wages. Effects are particularly pronounced for Hispanic students who …

Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the adult outcomes of cohorts who were differentially exposed to policy … estimates indicate that, for poor children, increases in Head Start spending and increases in public K12 spending each … increases in K12 spending were more efficacious for poor children who were exposed to higher levels of Head Start spending …