low-income 4 year olds. State pre-K programs targeted toward disadvantaged children do not. Differences in other pre … universal preschools offer a relatively high-quality learning experience for low-income children not reflected in typical …

, suggesting the positive shock to disposable income provided by the subsidies may be helping to improve children's scholastic … these subsidies on children's longer run outcomes. Using a sharp discontinuity in the price of childcare in Norway, we are … this, we find significant positive effect of the subsidies on children's academic performance in junior high school …

the Graduate PLUS loan program. Access to additional federal loans increased graduate students' borrowing and shifted the … in constrained students' persistence or degree receipt. We document that among programs in which a larger share of … graduate students had exhausted their annual federal loan eligibility before the policy change--and thus were more exposed to …

, and children's test performance as late as eighth grade. For higher-income families, however, we find that the programs … of family and child outcomes. We find that the state programs have increased the preschool enrollment rates of children … from lower- and higher-income families alike. For lower-income families, our findings also suggest that the programs have …

We estimate the effects of permanent legal status on the health of children born to immigrants in the United States … but far from fully explain the birthweight impacts. The more likely mechanisms were instead the increases in family income …