-separation fertility, and reduce labor supply among high-income fathers. Our findings suggest that government efforts to increase child … investments through mandates on parents can be complicated by their behavioral responses to them …

, suggesting the positive shock to disposable income provided by the subsidies may be helping to improve children's scholastic … these subsidies on children's longer run outcomes. Using a sharp discontinuity in the price of childcare in Norway, we are … this, we find significant positive effect of the subsidies on children's academic performance in junior high school …

through age 65 -- educational attainment increases, income rises (for men), and the probability of survival increases (for … preschool is lowered by 85 percent for years of schooling (of the first generation) and by 86 percent for adult income among men …

the Graduate PLUS loan program. Access to additional federal loans increased graduate students' borrowing and shifted the … in constrained students' persistence or degree receipt. We document that among programs in which a larger share of … graduate students had exhausted their annual federal loan eligibility before the policy change--and thus were more exposed to …