counties in the U.S. between 1961 and 1975. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to assemble unique data linking family …

, suggesting the positive shock to disposable income provided by the subsidies may be helping to improve children's scholastic … these subsidies on children's longer run outcomes. Using a sharp discontinuity in the price of childcare in Norway, we are … this, we find significant positive effect of the subsidies on children's academic performance in junior high school …

lead, we examine effects of post-1990 school finance reforms on students' educational attainment and labor market outcomes … high- and low-income districts. Using a state-by-cohort panel design, we find that reforms increased high school completion … and college-going, concentrated among Black students and women, and raised annual earnings. They also increased the return …

the Graduate PLUS loan program. Access to additional federal loans increased graduate students' borrowing and shifted the … in constrained students' persistence or degree receipt. We document that among programs in which a larger share of … graduate students had exhausted their annual federal loan eligibility before the policy change--and thus were more exposed to …

, and children's test performance as late as eighth grade. For higher-income families, however, we find that the programs … of family and child outcomes. We find that the state programs have increased the preschool enrollment rates of children … from lower- and higher-income families alike. For lower-income families, our findings also suggest that the programs have …

, provides a hot breakfast before school (typically served in the school's cafeteria) to all students regardless of their income … breakfast to all children to be eaten in the classroom during the first few minutes of the school day. We find both policies … or consumption of multiple breakfasts and relatively little of the increase is from students gaining access to breakfast …