interventions. We show that even a modest transfer of family income to families at ages 5-6 would substantially increase children …We develop a new estimator for the process of children's skill formation in which children's skills endogenously … United States, we estimate the technology of skill formation, the process of parental investments in children, and the adult …

Using longitudinal elementary school teacher and student data, we document that students have larger test score gains … within-teacher variation, we further show that a teacher's students have larger achievement gains in math and reading when …