teachers affect a variety of student outcomes through their effects on both students' cognitive and noncognitive skill. Results …

Using longitudinal elementary school teacher and student data, we document that students have larger test score gains … within-teacher variation, we further show that a teacher's students have larger achievement gains in math and reading when …

Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the adult outcomes of cohorts who were differentially exposed to policy … estimates indicate that, for poor children, increases in Head Start spending and increases in public K12 spending each … increases in K12 spending were more efficacious for poor children who were exposed to higher levels of Head Start spending …