Using longitudinal elementary school teacher and student data, we document that students have larger test score gains … within-teacher variation, we further show that a teacher's students have larger achievement gains in math and reading when …

scores, survey measures of socio-emotional development and behaviours in 9th-grade) for students who are more versus less … educationally advantaged (i.e., likely to attain more years of education based on 8th-grade characteristics). All students benefit … from attending effective schools. However, the least advantaged students experience the largest improvements in high …

Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the adult outcomes of cohorts who were differentially exposed to policy … estimates indicate that, for poor children, increases in Head Start spending and increases in public K12 spending each … increases in K12 spending were more efficacious for poor children who were exposed to higher levels of Head Start spending …