throughout their lives, parents' initial skills and skill growth rates are equally important determinants of children's skills … lower for children born to younger fathers … transmission of these factors explains up to 40% of children's skill variation. Skills become a more important determinant of …

special-need students, groups that charter critics have argued are typically under-served. The results show overall gains of 0 ….35 standard deviations in math and 0.12 standard deviations in reading for each year spent at KIPP Lynn. LEP students, special … education students, and those with low baseline scores benefit more from time spent at KIPP than do other students, with reading …