some students to a total of about two thirds of a year less of schooling while enrolled. I show that the short school years … led indeed to shorter schooling for affected students. Using comparisons across cohorts, states, and secondary school … number of students attending the highest secondary school track or earnings later in life …

We exploit the changes in the distribution of family income to estimate the effect of parental resources on college … education. Our strategy exploits the fact that families at the bottom of the income distribution were much poorer in the 1990s … suggest large effects of family income on enrollments. For example, we find that a 10 percent increase in family income is …