This paper examines the causality between income, unemployment and crime in 11 European countries employing the panel …. Fixed and random effect models are estimated to analyze the impact of income and unemployment on total crime and various … both income and unemployment have meaningful relationship with both aggregated and disaggregated crime. Crime exhibits …

The purpose of the present paper is to examine income convergence in Malaysia by using the nonlinear unit root test due … indicate income divergence from Wilayah Persekutuan. …