, and parenting quality in a developing country. They use a sample of over 3,000 predominantly poor pre-school age children … for older than younger children, and there is greater dispersion in scores among older children. They find that household … socioeconomic characteristics, in particular wealth and parental education, are "protective"-children from wealthier households with …

? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they … between income and substitution effects. The paper then reviews the recent empirical literature on the subject. In richer … poorer countries, mostly in Africa and low-income Asia, the outcomes are pro-cyclical: infant mortality rises, and school …

"There is considerable evidence that young children in many developing countries suffer from profound deficits in … development (ECD) outcomes are important markers of the welfare of children. In addition, the deleterious effects of poor outcomes …