distance. Furthermore, there is little evidence of income convergence. Using various methods and data sets, we show that many …

This paper proposes a pair-wise approach to testing for output convergence that considers all N(N-1)/2 possible pairs … of log per capita output gaps across N economies. A general probabilistic definition of output convergence is also …-2000. Overall, the results do not support output convergence, and suggest that the findings of convergence clubs in the literature …