Ethnic inventors play important roles in US innovation systems, especially in high-tech regions like Silicon Valley. Do … ‘ethnicity-innovation’ channels exist elsewhere? This paper investigates, using a new panel of UK patents microdata. In theory …, ethnicity might affect positively innovation via ‘star’ migrants, network externalities from co-ethnic groups, or production …

This article presents a formalization of knowledge based on a connectionist model of a firm's structure. Transaction … costs are not ignored, but integrated with the knowledge-based approach. A numerical example on the canonical comparison of …