This article presents a formalization of knowledge based on a connectionist model of a firm's structure. Transaction … costs are not ignored, but integrated with the knowledge-based approach. A numerical example on the canonical comparison of …

trial-and-error and learning by consuming. The key question that is addressed is: how do consumers deal with innovation? By … bringing together a number of threads within the innovation literature my claim is that consumers, akin to firms, follow …

national innovation systems. The study also analyses the factors behind this industry's poor productivity growth. A scenario …

. The business services industry has an important role in the national innovation system and in knowledge spillovers to … other industries. The innovation contribution of business services to the rest of the economy may countervail the effect of … strengthening its role in knowledge spillovers to client industries. …

knowledge in academia; there is no set organization with a hierarchy, but free collaboration that is coordinated spontaneously …