This paper studies the Gold Standard in Portugal. It was the first country in Europe to join Great Britain in 1854. The … are appropriate for the Gold Standard in Portugal. …

firm level. The first part of our analysis is dedicated to the determinants of innovation and reveals two different … innovation regimes. On the one hand, radical innovations rely strongly on firm-level spillovers, including property rights, and … innovation height matters. We also find evidence that TFP growth is better represented by an upward shift of the production …

in this area uses “backward” citations to measure technological knowledge acquired by the patenting entities studied …. “Forward” citations (citations to the firm’s patents made by other patents) have been interpreted as a measure of the knowledge … good measure of knowledge flows. Our paper assesses the legitimacy of using European patent citations as a measure of …

issue, we build a model in which the value of an innovation depends both on the type of innovation implemented (product …