This paper discusses findings of the fourth review under an Extended Fund Facility Arrangement with Portugal. One year …

Macroeconomic imbalances are large, and structural problems are deep-rooted in Portugal. The new government’s strong …

Portugal's economy faced severe crisis during the global economic and financial crisis. In this context, Portugal … Facility for Portugal …

the empirical relationship between economic development and (1) inside-the-frontier-innovation as reflected by the …-the-frontier innovation as reflected in patents. The data suggest, unsurprisingly, that inside-the-frontier innovation is more common among … changes in the industrial composition of exports. The authors use a simple model of innovation and imitation to test the …

not feel pressure (Carlin and others 2001; World Bank 2004). However, competition also appears to affect innovation in … of competition and, consequently, assesses their net impact on innovation. He finds that reducing tariffs and enacting … and enforcing competition laws modestly increases both the pressure that firms feel regarding innovation and the level of …

Tunisia must move from a low value-added and low cost economy to a higher value-added, knowledge intensive economy in … integration, innovation policies and enabling environment reforms (macro stability, economic regulation and governance, financial … unemployment; chapter three examines the strengths and weaknesses of Tunisia's innovation system and strategies and proposes reform …

formal mechanisms; approaches to agricultural risk in developed countries; innovation in managing production risk - index …

formal mechanisms; approaches to agricultural risk in developed countries; innovation in managing production risk - index …

developing countries. Section two examines examples of innovation in the private insurance and capital markets that may have … considers how innovation is taking seed in creative disaster micro insurance programs in low- and middle-income countries …