Keynes (1936) said that shortage of money caused by hoarding or failure to invest led to unemployment, but Lucas (1972 …) said that money does not affect unemployment. The tables have now turned. Gani (2003) produced a model of indirect trade in … which money is necessary as a means of payment. Involuntary unemployment occurs under indirect exchange, just when the …

The current research emphasis on institutions as key determinants of economic performance, rather than on resources and … resource productivity, has uncovered important questions for further research. For example, if institutions are central to … institutions? What specific aspects of institutions are responsible for economic performance? This paper suggests that two broad …

The current research emphasis on institutions as key determinants of economic performance has uncovered important … questions for further research. For example, if institutions are central to economic performance, then what explains observed … differences in performance across parts of one economy sharing similar institutions? This paper suggests that two broad aspects of …

Institutions either promote or constrain economic performance, but which parts of institutions advance or restrict … performance, and why do economies sharing similar institutions sometimes perform differently? This paper is a modest attempt at … superstructural effects of institutions on aggregate and average income across 84 U.S. Native American economies (USNAEs). It finds …