unemployment is primarily caused by labour market rigidities, i.e. social institutions and regulations which prevent “market …The paper questions the predominant view on unemployment and wages in the European Un-ion according to which high … decades, no strictly inverse relationship between real wage growth and unemployment can be found. On the contrary …

operative outline concentrates on the role of instrumental freedoms and institutions, and it is based on the traditional themes … instrumental freedoms. We eventually map each set of variables in order to point out how instrumental freedoms and institutions …

decision makers. These responses, in turn influenced by institutions and instrumental freedoms, ultimately affect the dynamics …

simultaneous existence of the urban informal sector and the urban unemployment has been explained interms of such efficiency wage … different effects in the two different situations. Interestingly, urban subsidy policies reduces urban unemployment in both of … the two cases, where as rural subsidy policy intensifies the problem of unemployment when urban informal sector is related …