, children's peers are complementary to financial investment by parents, while the adult role models are substitutes. In contrast … of a convex relation in rural and urban Indonesia. The rural-urban relative mobility curves cross, with the children of … children when the father has more than nine years of schooling. However, the rural children face lower absolute mobility across …

intergenerational persistence in schooling where parents self-finance children's education because of credit market imperfections …. Parents may underestimate a girl's ability, expect lower returns, and assign lower weights to their welfare ("pure son … leads to gender divergence in relative mobility for the children of highly educated fathers. In urban China, and urban and …

-farmer parents (with higher income) do not enjoy any advantages over the children of more educated farmer parents. Estimates of cross … across farm-nonfarm occupations. Having nonfarm parents, in general, has positive effects, but children of low educated non … of family background on children's education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis …