knowledge spillovers are unmeasurable, a 'goodness of fit' measure is constructed using innovation survey data. It turns out …In this paper it is tested which of the various alternative approaches for constructing knowledge spillover pools … that measures of the uncentered correlation of firm characteristics seem to fit actual knowledge spillovers best. Direct …

-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …